The All-Male Priesthood

I wanted to make some comments about the requirement made by some Christian denominations (notably the Catholic and Orthodox) that their priests (ministers, pastors) be exclusively male.


I suppose that we begin with the historical fact that Jesus, his disciples called “The Twelve”, the other named New Testament writers, bishops and the “church Fathers” were all male.

The question then is whether this fact is the result of selective reporting, cultural bias, or something significant from God. There is certainly ample support for the cultural bias theory, and it would seem to be the most likely candidate. However, can we find any scriptural support for the idea that “maleness” is related to the characteristics needed by a Priest?

The first argument that I would like to discuss goes like this…

“The Priest is an icon for Jesus Christ. Jesus was male. Therefore a Priest must also be male.”

I find this argument unconvincing because it (seemingly arbitrarily) picks one particular detail about Jesus from among many and makes this a criterion for a “good icon”. Jesus was born of a Virgin– should all priests have this characteristic also? He spoke Aramaic, he was born in Palestine, he walked on water, he loved children… Why is his maleness selected as a requirement and not the others? Continue reading

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Left Behind?

Left Behind™: A Novel of the Earth’s Last Days by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins

The volume appeared in our church library, so I checked it out.

Some Christians read the Book of Revelation (from the Bible) as a road map for the end of time (instead of a highly symbolic message to 1st century Christians suffering under the persecution of Rome). The literal reading of Revelation as prophecy results in a framework where the Left Behind™ novel is set. I read the book to get an insight into the mind of those Christians who believe in these things, but what I didn’t expect was to get sucked into the story and actually care about the characters.

The story starts with a transatlantic airline flight where passengers suddenly disappear, leaving their clothes, most of the other passengers, and the flight crew behind. We later learn that all of the world’s children plus all (real) Christians have also suddenly disappeared. The novel’s characters are then those who are LEFT BEHIND.

If people who believe in the Left Behind™ theory were sincere, I would think their first step would to try to get an FAA rule passed that one member of every flight crew must not be a Christian. When both airline pilots are Christian and both get snatched away, the plane crashes (and presumably everybody left behind on board goes straight to hell) and that’s exactly what happens in the novel. Continue reading

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I Prefer Roses to Tulips

I’m no expert on Reformed theology, but I do know a couple of things: John Calvin was a smart fellow, and Reformed folks have this T.U.L.I.P thing:

Total Depravity
Total depravity means that human persons are entirely unable to do good works, to respond to God apart from his grace, or to please God.
Unconditional Election
Unconditional election means that God chooses to save whomever he wishes, irrespective of individual merit
Limited Atonement
Limited Atonement means that Jesus satisfied the punishment for all the sins of some people, and for none of the sins of the remainder.
Irresistible Grace
Irresistible grace means that if God elects you, you’re certainly going to respond and convert.
Perseverance of the Saints
Perseverance of the saints means that if God has in fact elected you, you will never fall away from the faith.

As I said, John Calvin was a smart fellow and he can read scripture as well or better than anybody, and Calvin determined that the reason some came to God and others didn’t was because God wanted it that way. A key point for Reformed theology is that God is sovereign. I won’t go through the exercise of deriving TULIP from scripture because it has been done already by those more knowledgeable than I. However, after TULIP has been proved by scripture, there remains a problem because it can also be disproved by scripture! Continue reading

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Animal Sacrifices

The Old Testament speaks over and over again in opposition to the infidelity of the Hebrews when it came to the worship of “foreign gods”. For this reason we know historically that there were influences from the surrounding peoples exerting pressure on the Hebrews. [For a thorough treatment, see The Gospel and its Tributaries by E. F. Scott, for example.] There are small but significant references to polytheism [Deuteronomy 32:7-9] and even to human sacrifice [Jeremiah 19:5]. [An aside: The Valley of Hinnom mentioned in Jeremiah 19:6 was called Gehenna in Jesus’ time and is one of the words translated “hell” in some versions of the Bible.]

In fact, if you read the accounts of primitive religions (for example the classic, The Golden Bough) you will see a pattern– a pattern of ritual practice (either by the people, a priest or a tribal leader) in an attempt to influence the gods for the purpose of gaining favor in the form of good weather, safety, fertility, etc. These attempts frequently involved sacrifices.

The fact that the Hebrews would go to the extreme of burning their children in an attempt to please God (something that God denies he decreed according to Jeremiah) is proof of just how powerful these primitive ideas are. And the fact that attempts to please the gods are pervasive in human culture, and the fact that the Hebrews were influenced by the cultures around them, shows that no “revelation from God” is necessary in order that the Hebrews might have such ideas in their own religion. [I think the important thing in understanding Hebrew religion is to seek out those points which are NOT LIKE the surrounding cultures.] Continue reading

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Law and Sanctification

This is an article about the relationship between Law and Sanctification.

Because I write frequently on the topic of Grace (that oft-misunderstood subject) I get quite a lot of e-mail from folks stressing the importance of law, obedience, good works etc.–accompanied by lists of familiar scripture. I reply back with some explanation and other lists of scripture. What I want to do here is build a framework to explain my understanding the role of law and how it relates to sanctification.


Sanctification is the process through which the believer becomes more holy, or more Godlike in his or her character. Sanctification is understood as a life-long process.

For this discussion, it is essential to note that sanctification is a process during which the self matters less and less, and God matters more and more. It should also be noted that the stages of sanctification I describe are not rigid classes and individuals operate at more than one stage depending on the situation.

In this discussion, I use “Law” to denote both a written set of rules (which for the Christian are found in the Bible) and also a mandate to “do good” where possible.

At the very beginning of sanctification, perhaps at the transition between non-Christian and Christian, the self is most important and God is least important. In this stage of primitive religious sense God is seen as administering immediate rewards and punishments based on behavior. Examples of this mind set include superstitions. A person may believe that a disaster happened as a result of something bad the person did. That person believes that they are, for want of a better word, “magical” in that their own behavior “makes things happen” around them. God is seen as the agent of these events, but the concern is completely selfish. Such primitive religious attitudes can be found in the Bible in stories where a person is struck dead for touching the Ark of the Covenant. TV fundraisers use such motivations all the time: send me $50 and God will work a miracle in your finances. In this stage of sanctification, law works through immediate reward and punishment. The actions of God are seen as automatic. Continue reading

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Jesus Seminar

Someone wrote to me:

For their presuppositions to be valid, the Jesus Seminar must prove them and support them with scholarly sources. They have nothing to support their presuppositions. A true scholar does not base his or her work on speculation. A true scholar bases his or her work on source material. That is why I cannot consider the work of the Jesus Seminar serious historical scholarship. Actually, the more I read of New Testament criticism the more I wonder how anyone can take it seriously. Much of their arguments is based on the theory that a document they call Q existed. Yet, they have found not a single ancient manuscript of the Q (for Quella= German for source) document.

Very disappointing.

First, you persist in calling the criteria used by the Jesus Seminar “presuppositions”, as if they were prejudices pulled out of the hat. While it is true, that The Five Gospels does not go into a great deal of justification for the criteria they used, I am sure that you know of any number of scholarly works which to make the arguments for them. If I were to write a book on Calculus, I wouldn’t go back and provide the proofs for all the Algebra theorems that underlie that subject.

In a previous article, you claimed that none of the members of the Jesus Seminar were historians. I don’t know whether this is actually true or not. However, there are historians who make similar judgements on the authenticity of scripture (including E. P. Sanders who considers a number of sayings of Jesus to be actually those of the Christian community).

Finally, we know from the testimony of Luke himself that he did research and gathered material for his book. He witnessed nothing himself. It is plain to see that Luke borrowed much from Mark. What was the source of his other material? Some of the additional material is shared with Matthew. If Matthew was written when the text critics say it was (late), then Matthew had sources too. It seems reasonable that material common to Matthew and Luke come from a common source which was given the name “Q”. (Luke has additional material as well, beyond Mark and what is in Matthew.) Continue reading

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Inerrancy

(Mark 8:12 NRSV) And he sighed deeply in his spirit and said, “Why does this generation ask for a sign? Truly I tell you, no sign will be given to this generation.”

The Bible is a subject that seems to lead to extreme positions: either the Bible is perfect, or it is worthless. What I would like to do in this essay is to explore why people take the extreme position and to explain why the doctrine of inerrancy is actually a sign of the lack of faith rather than a sign of strong faith. An inerrant scripture is the sign demanded by those who cannot believe without proof. To call a belief in biblical inerrancy a sign of a lack of faith would seem to be paradoxical at the outset. Nevertheless, much of Christianity is paradoxical (one gains ones life by losing it, love ones enemies, God became human…). The value of paradox is that it cannot be simply understood and filed away, but rather it continues to goad one to thought.

Where does faith come from? Scripture says that faith is created by the Holy Spirit in the believer.

(Phil 2:13 NRSV) for it is God who is at work in you, enabling you both to will and to work for his good pleasure.

When someone tries to create faith all by themselves [for more on this, see my article on Do it Yourself Faith], they are unable to make the real thing, and to compensate they replace faith with reason. If one wishes to trust God through their own efforts, then they must try to find evidence that bolsters that faith. These attempts are rampant in Christianity today, and they largely consist of attempts to give the Bible external authority. Examples are the pseudo-sciences called “Flood Geology” and “Creation Science” which attempt to fabricate evidence of things which support a literal and historical reading of the Old Testament origin stories in Genesis. Another is the misrepresentation of the level of agreement among Greek New Testament manuscripts (and some fables about Erasmus, the editor of the first published Greek New Testament). There are incredibly contrived interpretations of scripture to mask contradictions (e.g. the two accounts of the death of Judas), and even some questionable Bible translations (e.g., the NIV). Now even more esoteric faith crutches have appeared in the guise of statistical fallacies used to suggest that secret messages are somehow found by picking every 4,712th (for example) letter in the Pentateuch.

All of these are attempts to artificially create evidence for God by creating faith in an inerrant book from which God is then a logical conclusion.

(John 20:29 NRSV) Jesus said to him, “Have you believed because you have seen me? Blessed are those who have not seen and yet have come to believe.”

In classic Protestant theology, saving faith comes as the activity of the Holy Spirit working in conjunction with the external Word of God (which may be scripture or may be preaching whose foundation is scripture). However, scripture alone has no effect. From this, I would conclude that one who bases his faith in God on his faith in scripture (and that faith in scripture based on some miraculous quality of the text–like inerrancy, fulfilled prophecy, hidden messages, miraculously preserved manuscripts or anything else) is trying to reach God on his own merit rather than relying on the Cross of Jesus and the gift of the Holy Spirit.

At this point, one usually says: “Yes, but we only know of the Cross of Jesus through the Bible,” and this is true. But we do not “know” that the Bible speaks truly of Jesus except by faith, and this faith is the creation of the Spirit rather than the creation we make by arguing about the external qualities of Scripture itself.

Let me be blunt here: if one bases his faith on God on faith in Scripture, then Scripture is primary and God becomes secondary; that is, Scripture takes the place of God.

Scripture is of immense value, but God must come first.

One mailing list writer put it this way:

Of course God is in control. But I think you’re taking some things for granted that ought not be taken for granted. I think you’re looking for security in the wrong place.

I believe that the Bible is the word of God. But I don’t think it’s a user’s guide and service manual that comes with the creation. It wasn’t handed down from heaven gilt-edged, leather-bound, in the King James Version, as some people seem to believe. It doesn’t give us definitive answers to all our questions or satisfy our curiosity.

The Bible is a remarkable collection of writings the tell us about who we are, and who God is, and what kind of relationship we have. The important things are crystal clear. I believe that God speaks to people through the words of the Bible, and is revealed in these writings. But our trust and confidence must be in God, not in the writings, in the Person, not the Book. We don’t have the kind of security that says, “Now I possess the Truth, now I have all the answers.”

The Bible introduces us to a loving God, and to Jesus Christ our Savior, and invites us to put our trust in this God and in this Savior. If we try to put our trust in our own knowledge or understanding, these things will disappoint us. God does puzzling and inexplicable things, but ultimately does not disappoint us. Rather, God keeps on surprising us with good things of which we never dreamed.

God’s revelation is incarnational. “In the beginning was the Word . . . and the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, full of grace and truth.” God became incarnate in a human being. God’s infallible truth comes to us incarnate in the Scriptures, that fallible collection from various authors, written over a span of more than a thousand years, that reflects the human limitations of the writers. God’s Good News has come to us in a fallible Church. God uses imperfect people, books, and institutions, and through them accomplishes his loving purpose. God redeems that which is imperfect, just as he redeems sinful human beings and transforms them. As we experience the love and grace of God, we also are set free to be loving and gracious.

It’s that “old Adam” in us that makes us think, “I don’t want to be forgiven, I want to be *right*. I don’t want to be redeemed, I want to *win*!” That’s our pride speaking. It’s very liberating to finally understand that when we think like that, we’re on the wrong track. We’ll never save ourselves. Only God can do it. It is accomplished in Christ. Deo gracias.

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The Great Flood(s)

Often, in discussions of the Great Flood of Noah, someone says that there are many ancient legends and myths about floods. But what is less-widely known is that there are two flood stories in the Bible. This is somewhat difficult to see until the two stories are pulled apart.

I took the verses from the Bible story in Genesis 6-8 and divided them into two piles (based on notations in the Moffatt translation of the Bible); then I took each pile and put its verses together to make a story. The result is two rather complete (albeit shorter) stories about Noah and the Flood.

Flood Version 1:

(Genesis 6 NRSV) When people began to multiply on the face of the ground, and daughters were born to them, {2} the sons of God saw that they were fair; and they took wives for themselves of all that they chose. {3} Then the LORD said, “My spirit shall not abide in mortals forever, for they are flesh; their days shall be one hundred twenty years.” {4} The Nephilim were on the earth in those days–and also afterward–when the sons of God went in to the daughters of humans, who bore children to them. These were the heroes that were of old, warriors of renown.

{5} The LORD saw that the wickedness of humankind was great in the earth, and that every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts was only evil continually. {6} And the LORD was sorry that he had made humankind on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart. {7} So the LORD said, “I will blot out from the earth the human beings I have created–people together with animals and creeping things and birds of the air, for I am sorry that I have made them.” {8} But Noah found favor in the sight of the LORD.

(Genesis 7 NRSV) Then the LORD said to Noah, “Go into the ark, you and all your household, for I have seen that you alone are righteous before me in this generation. {2} Take with you seven pairs of all clean animals, the male and its mate; and a pair of the animals that are not clean, the male and its mate; {3} and seven pairs of the birds of the air also, male and female, to keep their kind alive on the face of all the earth. {4} For in seven days I will send rain on the earth for forty days and forty nights; and every living thing that I have made I will blot out from the face of the ground.” {5} And Noah did all that the LORD had commanded him.

{10} And after seven days the waters of the flood came on the earth.{7} And Noah with his sons and his wife and his sons’ wives went into the ark to escape the waters of the flood. {8} Of clean animals, and of animals that are not clean, and of birds, and of everything that creeps on the ground, {9} two and two, male and female, went into the ark with Noah, as God had commanded Noah. {16} And those that entered, male and female of all flesh, went in as God had commanded him; and the LORD shut him in.

{12} The rain fell on the earth forty days and forty nights. {22} everything on dry land in whose nostrils was the breath of life died. {23} He blotted out every living thing that was on the face of the ground, human beings and animals and creeping things and birds of the air; they were blotted out from the earth. Only Noah was left, and those that were with him in the ark.

{6} At the end of forty days Noah opened the window of the ark that he had made {2} the fountains of the deep and the windows of the heavens were closed, the rain from the heavens was restrained, {3} and the waters gradually receded from the earth. At the end of one hundred fifty days the waters had abated; {7} and sent out the raven; and it went to and fro until the waters were dried up from the earth. {8} Then he sent out the dove from him, to see if the waters had subsided from the face of the ground; {9} but the dove found no place to set its foot, and it returned to him to the ark, for the waters were still on the face of the whole earth. So he put out his hand and took it and brought it into the ark with him. {10} He waited another seven days, and again he sent out the dove from the ark; {11} and the dove came back to him in the evening, and there in its beak was a freshly plucked olive leaf; so Noah knew that the waters had subsided from the earth. {12} Then he waited another seven days, and sent out the dove; and it did not return to him any more.

{13} In the six hundred first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from the earth; and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and saw that the face of the ground was drying.{20} Then Noah built an altar to the LORD, and took of every clean animal and of every clean bird, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. {21} And when the LORD smelled the pleasing odor, the LORD said in his heart, “I will never again curse the ground because of humankind, for the inclination of the human heart is evil from youth; nor will I ever again destroy every living creature as I have done. {22} As long as the earth endures, seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night, shall not cease.”

{18} The sons of Noah who went out of the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Ham was the father of Canaan. {19} These three were the sons of Noah; and from these the whole earth was peopled. {20} Noah, a man of the soil, was the first to plant a vineyard. {21}

Flood Version 2:

(Genesis 6 NRSV) {9} These are the descendants of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his generation; Noah walked with God. {10} And Noah had three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

{11} Now the earth was corrupt in God’s sight, and the earth was filled with violence. {12} And God saw that the earth was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted its ways upon the earth. {13} And God said to Noah, “I have determined to make an end of all flesh, for the earth is filled with violence because of them; now I am going to destroy them along with the earth.

{14} Make yourself an ark of cypress wood; make rooms in the ark, and cover it inside and out with pitch. {15} This is how you are to make it: the length of the ark three hundred cubits, its width fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits. {16} Make a roof for the ark, and finish it to a cubit above; and put the door of the ark in its side; make it with lower, second, and third decks.

{17} For my part, I am going to bring a flood of waters on the earth, to destroy from under heaven all flesh in which is the breath of life; everything that is on the earth shall die. {18} But I will establish my covenant with you; and you shall come into the ark, you, your sons, your wife, and your sons’ wives with you.

{19} And of every living thing, of all flesh, you shall bring two of every kind into the ark, to keep them alive with you; they shall be male and female. {20} Of the birds according to their kinds, and of the animals according to their kinds, of every creeping thing of the ground according to its kind, two of every kind shall come in to you, to keep them alive. {21} Also take with you every kind of food that is eaten, and store it up; and it shall serve as food for you and for them.” {22} Noah did this; he did all that God commanded him.

{6} Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters came on the earth. {11} In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on that day all the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the windows of the heavens were opened. {13} On the very same day Noah with his sons, Shem and Ham and Japheth, and Noah’s wife and the three wives of his sons entered the ark, {14} they and every wild animal of every kind, and all domestic animals of every kind, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, and every bird of every kind–every bird, every winged creature. {15} They went into the ark with Noah, two and two of all flesh in which there was the breath of life.

{17} The flood continued forty days on the earth; and the waters increased, and bore up the ark, and it rose high above the earth. {18} The waters swelled and increased greatly on the earth; and the ark floated on the face of the waters. {19} The waters swelled so mightily on the earth that all the high mountains under the whole heaven were covered; {20} the waters swelled above the mountains, covering them fifteen cubits deep. {21} And all flesh died that moved on the earth, birds, domestic animals, wild animals, all swarming creatures that swarm on the earth, and all human beings;{24} And the waters swelled on the earth for one hundred fifty days.

(Genesis 8 NRSV) But God remembered Noah and all the wild animals and all the domestic animals that were with him in the ark. And God made a wind blow over the earth, and the waters subsided;{4} and in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat. {5} The waters continued to abate until the tenth month; in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the tops of the mountains appeared.{14} In the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth was dry. {15} Then God said to Noah, {16} “Go out of the ark, you and your wife, and your sons and your sons’ wives with you. {17} Bring out with you every living thing that is with you of all flesh–birds and animals and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth–so that they may abound on the earth, and be fruitful and multiply on the earth.” {18} So Noah went out with his sons and his wife and his sons’ wives. {19} And every animal, every creeping thing, and every bird, everything that moves on the earth, went out of the ark by families.

(Genesis 9 NRSV) God blessed Noah and his sons, and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth. {2} The fear and dread of you shall rest on every animal of the earth, and on every bird of the air, on everything that creeps on the ground, and on all the fish of the sea; into your hand they are delivered. {3} Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you; and just as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. {4} Only, you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is, its blood. {5} For your own lifeblood I will surely require a reckoning: from every animal I will require it and from human beings, each one for the blood of another, I will require a reckoning for human life. {6} Whoever sheds the blood of a human, by a human shall that person’s blood be shed; for in his own image God made humankind.

{7} And you, be fruitful and multiply, abound on the earth and multiply in it.” {8} Then God said to Noah and to his sons with him, {9} “As for me, I am establishing my covenant with you and your descendants after you, {10} and with every living creature that is with you, the birds, the domestic animals, and every animal of the earth with you, as many as came out of the ark. {11} I establish my covenant with you, that never again shall all flesh be cut off by the waters of a flood, and never again shall there be a flood to destroy the earth.” {12} God said, “This is the sign of the covenant that I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for all future generations: {13} I have set my bow in the clouds, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and the earth. {14} When I bring clouds over the earth and the bow is seen in the clouds, {15} I will remember my covenant that is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall never again become a flood to destroy all flesh. {16} When the bow is in the clouds, I will see it and remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth.” {17} God said to Noah, “This is the sign of the covenant that I have established between me and all flesh that is on the earth.”

{28} After the flood Noah lived three hundred fifty years. {29} All the days of Noah were nine hundred fifty years; and he died.

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Feelings – Thoughts on Mark 6:10-12

The following started as an e-mail reply I made to someone on the Internet. This letter is representative of many I receive and of many articles posted on the USENET from sincere individuals who look at the “God of the Bible” who see a deity who is arbitrary and violent, and who look at Jesus and see someone preaching hell fire and brimstone belying all the Christian talk about Love. Because such persons contact with Christianity is with Biblical literalists and inerrantists, it’s difficult for someone like me to credibly defend my faith with scholarship and a kinder, gentler way of interpreting scripture. The original writer commented:

Still, I think you missed my point slightly, which is my personal serious stumbling block with Christianity, for which I asked these questions in the first place, so that I might be given an answer that would soothe me:

Jesus said (severely paraphrased): “If you go to a town and they reject me, shake the dust of that town from your shoes and be off; because it would be better if that town were Sodom when I get through with it!” He also said: “No one is saved except he comes to know the Father through me.” (He said MANY more things in this same vein than this, either.)

This does not leave open much possibility for a “way of life characterized by love and trust” to all, only to a limited few who believe in Jesus, right?

You raise some good points. The answers I have are not all that clean or simple, but I will share them. Continue reading

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Do-it-yourself faith

(Heb 11:1 KJV) Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

Faith comes from God, but God has His own timetable. What can we do if we get impatient? This article describes how one might make faith on their own, and what the result might look like.

Christian theology states that mankind is is sinful, fallen, and generally not to be trusted to do anything good. But surely there are nice, caring, conscientious, altruistic, ethical, sensitive, kind and generous people who aren’t adherents to the Christian religion. Apart from anything God might inspire, such a person could look at the story of Jesus and be attracted to his ethical teaching, his loving relationships, and his self-giving way of life and that person might be emotionally touched by Jesus’ death on behalf of his friends. Such a person might want to be a Christian as part of a program of self-betterment. This person whom God has not (yet) called and in whom God has not worked the gift of faith does not know for himself what faith looks and feels like and when this person decides to “join up” he has to rely on his own resources to get some faith. While real faith is created ex nihilo (from nothing) by God, human beings (lacking this God-like creative ability) have to create things out of other things. Continue reading

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